: Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have found a wide range of commercial and industrial applications (e.g. in automotive, aerospace, civil and bioengineering areas) since they reveal a reversible martensitic transformation induced by temperature, stress or a combination of the two. One of the major limitations facing the industrial use of this alloy is degradation of the material when subjected to cyclic loadings (i.e., functional fatigue). In most of the applications, structural components and devices made of SMAs work under cyclic thermomechanical loading (i.e. training) and, therefore, are susceptible to functional fatigue. Fatigue of SMAs is a big challenge for these materials and should be managed to promote their engineering applications and to utilize their unique shape memory effect (SME) as well as pseudoelasticity (PE) more effectively. On the other hand, thermomechanical cycling is an important procedure to develop two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) in SMAs. Study of TWSM strain is important because it can be an indicator of the residual stress-induced martensite (RSIM) in an SMA after the training procedure. In this study, degradation in the functional properties of CuAlBe and NiTi SMAs during different thermomechanical training cycles (i.e., functional fatigue) and the resultant two-way shape memory effect are studied using in-situ electric resistivity measurement. Three different training methods are employed to induce TWSM behavior in the specimens. The combined effects of plasticity (dislocation slip) and RSIM on development of TWSME are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the origin of residual strain during different training methods. It is found that these two mechanisms have very different influences on the thermomechanical behaviors of the alloy, including evolutions in the residual strain, development of TWSME and variations in the amount of electric resistivity, during and after training. The results of in-situ electric resistivity measurements can hence be beneficially used to better understand the deformation mechanism of simultaneous plasticity and RSIM during different training procedures. Finally, an extended macroscopic model is developed to take these aspects of the shape memory alloy behaviors into account. Keywords: Shape memory alloy, Training, Functional fatigue, Two-way shape memory effect, Residual strain, Electric resistivity