In this research, at the first project, graphite nanosheets were covalently functionalized with natural, nontoxic and biodegradable amino acids such as L-phenylalanine, S-tyrosine, L-alanine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-methionine and S-valine, by simple and green procedure. The amino acid functionalized graphene layers were characterized by several techniques and their thermal and electrical properties were investigated. Then, L-phenylalanine functionalized graphene were used as filler in the polymeric nanocomposite synthesis. In polymer nanocomposite synthesis, the challenges are achieving well dispersion of nanofiller and its maximum interfacial interaction with polymer matrix at low loading percent. In the next project, the preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) bionanocomposites with L-phenylalanine functionalized graphene (f-graphene) using a simple water solution processing method is reported. The obtained PVA/f-graphene bionanocomposite membranes were smooth, uniform and flexible . The fabricated bionanocomposites were investigated and studied by different analytical methods like FT-IR, XRD, TGA, FE-SEM and TEM. The mechanical properties of the bionanocomposite membranes were also studied. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, and strain were obtained from this investigation. Efficient interaction was found between f-graphene and PVA matrix, which caused significant improvement in mechanical and thermal properties of the graphene based bionanocomposite with homogeneous dispersion. In the third part, in order to develop functionalized graphite without damaging the graphitic basal plane, nanographite was edge-selectively functionalized with biosafe L-phenylalanine amino acid through direct Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction in poly(phosphoric acid)/phosphorus pentoxide medium. This technique led to graft amino acid moieties to the defective sites (mostly sp 2 C–H) located mainly on the edges of graphite via electrophilic substitution reaction. The resultant functionalized graphite was characterized with various techniques and its thermal and electrical properties were examined. Then, a new series of nanocomposites based on optically active poly(amide-ester-imide) derived from L-phenylalanine containing diacid and S-tyrosine containing diol were fabricated using edge-functionalized graphite as nanofiller through solution mixing method. The fabricated nanocomposites were investigated and studied by different analytical methods like FT-IR, XRD, TGA, FE-SEM and TEM. In the forth project, for increasing graphene usage, graphene/ZnO hybrid was prepared using biosafe L-phenylalanine functionalized graphene. In this regard, ZnO nanoparticles () were modified by ?-aminopropyltriethoxyl silane (KH550) and were covalently attached on functionalized graphene sheets by reaction of amino groups on the outer wall of ZnO with the carboxyl groups existing on the graphene surface. Microscopic analysis of resulted hybrid revealed good dispersion of ZnO on the graphene sheets. Afterward, the prepared hybrid was used as filler for fabrication of polymer nanocomposite. To this get aim, a novel optically active poly(amide-ester) (PAE) containing different amino acids such as S-tyrosine and L-leucine was synthesized and structurally characterized by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR and CHN. Different percentages of nanocomposites have been prepared through solution mixing method. Thermal stability improvement of nanocomposites was seen which can be due to the increased interfacial interaction between the PAE matrix and functional groups on the hybrid. Finally, in the fifth part, ?-cyclodextrin was grafted onto the surface of ZnO nanoparticles via efficient, simple and fast technique through nucleophilic substitution reaction of OH groups on ZnO nanoparticle surface with reactive cyclic oligosaccharide, Monochlorotriazinyl-?-cyclodextrin (MCT-?-CD). Characterization of functionalized ZnO nanoparticles were carried out by FT-IR, CHN, TGA , XRD, FE-SEM and TEM. The amount of MCT-?-CD bonded to the ZnO surface was determined by CHN and TGA analysis. Followed by, innovative poly(ester-amide)/ZnO nanocomposites (PEA/ZnO NCs) were fabricated through solution mixing method. Morphological studies of prepared BNC proved good distribution of modified ZnO in PEA matrix with nanoscale size. Good dispersion and less aggregation, indicate the effect of functionalization on preventing nanoparticles to aggregate .