This study is aimed at fabricating poly (?-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. In order to optimize the properties of nanofibrous scaffolds, effect of rheological properties of PCL solution on the morphology of nanofibrous scaffolds was studied. In this study, porosity of various surface layers of scaffolds was measured and infiltration of various cells with different sizes, shapes and configurations was predicted using image analysis. Then effect of thickness of nanofibrous scaffolds on cell behavior and behavior of various cells on PCL nanofibrous scaffolds were investigated. Different modification methods for improvement of hydrophilicity and biological properties of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds have been carried out by blending PCL and gelatin and fabrication of PCL/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds, alkaline hydrolysis of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds and covalent attachment of matrigel on the surface of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds. Regarding the electrical properties of nerve cells, conductive nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated and electrical stimulation through conductive nanofibrous scaffolds was carried out during this study. The results showed that rheological properties of PCL solution have effect on the morphology and uniformity of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds. The results of this study also showed that thicker nanofibrous scaffolds provide better substrate for cell proliferation compared to thinner nanofibrous scaffolds possibly due to more dimensional stability. Regardless of thickness of nanofibrous scaffolds, different cells showed different behavior on PCL nanofibrous scaffolds due to inherited difference between cells. Results of this study showed that blending of PCL/gelatin, alkaline hydrolysis of PCL nanofibrous scaffold and covalent attachment of matrigel on the surface of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds improved hydrophilicity and biological properties of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds and cell proliferation and neurite extension were promoted on modified PCL nanofibrous scaffolds compared to unmodified PCL nanofibrous scaffolds. The results of this study showed that amplitude and duration of electrical stimulation affect cell proliferation and neurite outgrowth through conductive nanofibrous scaffolds. Application of appropriate intensity and duration of electrical stimulation was found to enhance the cell proliferation and neurite outgrowth compared to samples without electrical stimulation.