Crop residue burning is a predominant residue management practice in Iran and some other Asian and African countries. This may lead to degradation of soil structure, destroying soil organic matter, soil nutrient wastes and air pollution. Crop residue burning can influence the soil microbial substrates in soil due to changes in the carbon input and consequently influence the soil microbial and biochemical processes, soil microbial biomass and soil biodiversity. Therefore the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of barley residue burning on the soil biological quality indicators under field conditions. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from 0-5 and 5-15 cm of a soil which had been cropped to a rotation of barley-corn in Lavark research station in North West of Isfahan. Five treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were residue burning, residue removal, residue incorporation (control), residue incorporation +cow manure application and residue incorporation+urea application. The experiment was run for 8 consecutive years and the soils were taken at the end of the 8 th year of the experiment. The soil samples were incubated at 25 °C at 50% of water holding capacity and at the end of the incubation period the aerobic and anaerobic N mineralization along with arginine ammonification, urease, L-glutaminase and L-asparaginase activities were measured. Basic and substrate induced respiration was also determined and metabolic quotient was calculated dividing the basic respiration on soil microbial biomass C. Results indicated that no significant differences was observed between the treatments with regards to soil organic C and total N. In contrast aerobic N mineralization and metabolic quotient were decreased significantly in the treatment which the residues were burnt. Soil microbial biomass, urease, L-glutaminase and L-asparaginase activities were decreased significantly due to residue burning. In order to assess the effects of the 8-year experiment on the barley residue degradation rates, the soils were treated with 10 g C kg -1 of the barley residues and incubated at 25 °C at 50% for two months. At the end of the incubation period aerobic all mentioned soil biological indicators were measured and compared with the previous situation in which no residue was added. Results indicated that all biological indicators except for N mineralization were significantly increased. Overall, we conclude that residue burning have not influenced the soil organic C and total N pools however, soil microbial biomass C pool and soil biological fluxes like N Key word :residue burning, indicators biological of soil quality, decomposition residue