This research was conducted to assess genetic diversity induced by gamma rays in rapeseed using morphological and molecular approaches and to identify useful mutants in terms of morphophenological traits, yield and yield components in 2010 - 2011. M 2 mutant lines derived from two spring rapeseed "RGS003" and "Sarigol" cultivars treated by 1200 GY gamma ray irradiation along with controls were evaluated in the field. The results of analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among mutant lines and induction of significant genetic variation in the studied traits. According to genetic parameters, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod possessed the highest induced variation in mutant lines belonging to Sarigol cultivar. Based on the results of phenotypic and genetic correlations, 1000 seed weight had the highest relationship with seed yield per plant. Stepwise regression analysis also showed that 1000 seed weight was one of the most important traits contributing in yield. Cluster analysis using means of agronomic traits of four treatments (32 mutant lines of RGS003, 30 mutant lines of Sarigol, RGS003 and Sarigol) divided mutant lines and cultivars into the separate groups. Moreover, cluster analysis using 62 mutant lines and two controls divided the genotypes into 5 groups, which was also confirmed by F bill test. Likewise analysis of variance indicated that variation among groups was greater than variation within groups. Mutant line 26 of Sarigol was clusterd in a separate group, which can be explained by it’s superior viz number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed yield per plant. Considering induced genetic variation benefitical for improving agronomic traits, M 2 lines 9 of RGS003 and 16, 25 and 26 of Sarigol could be suggested as the most useful lines for breeding canola. SSR data analysis on mutant lines and controls demonstrated a considerable genetic variation among mutant lines, where 83% of primers generated polymorphic bands with 3.32 allele per locus. The results of PCoA analysis indicated that the SSR markers have not correlated and scattered throughout the genome. The highest genetic distance was observed between M2 lines 14 of Sarigol and control (0.58), whereas the lowest genetic distance obtained between line 22 of Sarigol and control (0.88). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated a significant difference between mutant lines and controls. Furthermore, cluster analysis based on SSR markers grouped the 64 genotypes into 7 clusters. Distinct ltr" Key words: mutation, gamma rays, genetic diversity, rapeseed