Conflict between human and wildlife is a serious threat to the survival of many species. Caspian seal (Pusa caspica) is threatened by human activities including unsustainable hunting, overexploitation of primary food resources, and introduction of comb jellyfish (Mnemiopsis leidyi). The population size of Caspian seal has decreased from about 1000,000 in the 20th century to 110,000 in recent years. By-catch of seals in illegal Sturgeon fisheries, has been recognised as one of the most important causes of mortality for this species. Fishermen may also kill seals trapped in their fishing nets to prevent fish loss and damage to the net. The conflict between fishermen and Caspian seals was reported as a factor responsible for Caspian seals mortality rate. Hence, management of the conflict between fishermen and Caspian seals is important for conservation of the species. The present study aimed to investigate fishermen’s attitudes toward Caspian seals in southern edge of the Caspian Sea. To achieve this, a questionnaire survey was conducted along the southern coast of Caspian Sea in spring 2018. We interviewed 210 fishermen in 21 sites in Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. The questionnaire comprised questions about participant’s socio-economic background, methods and amount of fishing, the existing conflicts between fishermen and Caspian seals, and their attitude toward Caspian seals. Scores obtained through attitude questions were attributed to factors such as socio-economic background and fishing method. Results revealed that fishermen’s attitude was influenced by types of fishing nets, legality of fishing, the number of times seals were trapped into their fishing nets, and the loss caused by the seals. However, the attitude of fishermen was generally positive toward Caspian seal as they were aware that the species is in severe decline. Take a collaborative law enforcement approach could be helpful in reducing the level of conflict and protecting Caspian seals. Key words: Caspian seal, interaction with marine mammal, fishing, attitude, extinctio
