Pomgranate aphid, Aphis punicae (Hem., Aphididae), is one of the most important pests on pomegranate trees that damages trees through feeding and producing considerable amounts of honeydew. during two years Seasonal fluctuations of the aphid were studied in two sites by weekly sampling from infested trees. The percent mortality of eggs was calculated during winter months. leaf cages were used To determine important life table parameters of A. punicae in natural conditions. The Effect of pomegranate cultivars on seasonal fluctuations and life table parameters of A. punicae were investigated by weekly sampling from infested trees of ten cultivars and by leaf cages on three cultivars, respectively. Also, the effect of drought stress and temperature on A . punicae biological characters were studied on three treatments including unstressed, moderately and highly drought stressed plants and in four temperatures ranges (19, 22, 25 and 27?C) in greenhouse and laboratory conditions, respectively. In this study, natural enemies of pomegranate aphid were collected, identified and seasonal fluctuations of some of them were investigated and compared by seasonal fluctuations of A. punicae . The results indicated that first nymphs and alatae were observed in early and late April, respectively. The population of viviparae was increased rapidly in late April and May and went down in summer. Wingless oviparae and alate males appeared in mid fall and oviposition occurred in early November on twigs of trees. The estigmated intrinsic rate of increase (r m ), The finite capacity for increase (?), the reproductive rate (R 0 ) and the mean generation time of the aphid in spring were 0.26±0.01 day -1 , 1.29±0.01 day -1 , 14.90 ±1.32 nymphs and 10.45±0.27 days, respectively. The highest and lowest numbers of aphids were observed in Robab Shiraz and Rodbar cultivars, respectively. The Highest immature development time and mean generation time of aphid were occurred on Shahreza cultivar and lowest mean generation time was obtained on Shishe-Pag cultivar. Also lowest immature development time and highest r m and ? were observed in moderately drought stressed trees. The highest estigmated and lowest survival rate of the aphid were occurred at 22 and 27?C, respectively and the low developmental threshold of the aphid was 7.33 ?C. Identified natural enemies were as follow: seven coccinellid species (Coccinellidae), two Syrphidae and one Chamaemyiidae species, three Braconidae and one Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae and Figitidae species. Population peaks of most studied natural enemies were almost coincided with the peaks of aphid. Key words: Fertility Life table, pomegranate tree, Intrinsic rate of increase, Pomgranate aphid
