In this investigation, at first, a new class of chiral poly(ester-imide)s derived from N,N' -(pyromellitoyl)-bis(L-tyrosine methyl ester) as a diol and different diacid was prepared via polycondensation reaction using Vilsmeier adduct. The resulting polymers have exhibited good yields, high thermal stability with inherent viscosities ranging between 0.35 and 0.42 dL/g and are soluble in polar aprotic solvents. The synthetic polymers were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, specific rotation, TGA, XRD and FE-SEM analysis. Because of the existence of amino acid in the monomer and polymer backbone, these materials are expected to be biodegradable; therefore, in the next part of the project, the biological properties of the synthetic polymers were already investigated. In the next part, to improve the dispersion and obtain the homogeneous distribution of ZnO and TiO 2 nanoparticles in polymer matrix, the surface of nanoparticles was modified with silane coupling agents.The nanoparticles were mixed with one of the prepared polymers which its biological properties were investigated. The novel bionanocomposites were prepared by embedding of different nanoparticle contents into polymer matrix via ultrasonic method as a facial and inexpensive route. The resulting bionanocomposites were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, UV/Vis, TGA and TEM. The FE-SEM and TEM results indicated that the particles were dispersed homogenously in nano scale in polymer matrix. The TGA result confirmed that the thermal stability of the used polymer was improved. Then, a new class of chiral poly(ester-imide)s via polycondensation reaction of N,N ?-(3,3?,4,4?-benzophenonetetracarboxylic)-3,3?,4,4?-diimido-bis(L-tyrosine methyl ester) as a novel optically active diol and different diacid chlorides was prepared. For this purpose, the optimized conditions in term of reaction time and temperature were studied and the optimum condition was selected. The resulting polymers were obtained in good yields and inherent viscosities. Also, they were soluble in polar aprotic solvents and showed good thermal stability due to possess aromatic rings. In the next part, a new class of poly(amide-imide)s containing 4,4?-methylene-bis(3-chloro-2,6-diethyl trimellitimidobenzene), as a novel diacid, was prepared. Then, the novel nanocomposites were prepared using poly(amide-imide) containing synthesized diacid and 4,4?-methylene-bis(3-chloro-2,6-diethylaniline), as a commercial diamine, by embedding of different silane coupling agent modified-ZrO 2 nanoparticle contents into the polymer matrix. The resulting nanocomposites were also characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, UV/Vis, TEM and TGA.