Mucor indicus is a dimorphic fungus capable of producing ethanol from lignocellulosic materials with numerous advantages compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Moreover, the biomass of this fungus contains valuable chemicals, i.e. , lipid, protein, and chitosan. Production of these valuable chemicals can improve the economy of cellulosic ethanol. The present study is aiming at the production of ethanol as well as fungal biomass from different lignocelluloses. In order to effectively release the monomeric sugars from lignocelluloses by cellulases, a pretreatment process is required before enzymatic hydrolysis. Pretreatment with cellulose solvent, phosphoric acid and NMMO, on pinewood, elmwood, and rice straw, and a simultaneous pectin extraction and pretreatment on citrus waste were performed. The citrus waste extractable sugars (CWES) were also extracted and used as a carbon- and nutrients-rich medium for fungal cultivation. Phosphoric acid pretreatment enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis yield and especially the initial hydrolysis rate. Effects of the fungal morphology on the major metabolites, i.e. , ethanol and biomass ingredients (fatty acids and chitosan), were investigated. Purely yeast-like form resulted in 78–92% of the maximum theoretical ethanol yield with 0.43–0.64 gL ?1 h ?1 productivity, whereas fermentation by purely filamentous form resulted in the yield and productivity of 48–66% and 0.3–0.4 gL ?1 h ?1 , respectively. Beside ethanol, the fungus produced a large amount of chitin-chitosan (62–67% of the fungal alkali insoluble materials) in filamentous form, while the value was 41–45% for yeast-like form. Furthermore, yeast-like cells produced nutritionally valuable fatty acids at a rate higher than that by filamentous form (3.7 and 2.7%, respectively). Linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated omega-6, was the dominant fatty acid available in the biomass for both morphologies. The fermentation products were significantly dependent on the fungus morphology but not on the lignocellulose type. Yeast-like cells exhibited better performance in ethanol and oil production, whereas the filamentous cells produced higher amounts of chitosan. NMMO pretreatment enhanced the maximum cellulase adsorption capacity and strength of binding of the lignocelluloses. Besides, crystalinity index (CI) reduced after the pretreatment for all the lignocelluloses. The highest decrease in CI and increase in the adsorption capacity were observed for rice straw, in which CI reduced from 73 to 21% and cellulase adsorption capacity increased from 65 to 99 mg cellulase per gram substrate. Glucan content was not considerably changed after pretreatment. Furthermore, SEM images showed increase in the porosity or enzyme accessibility of the biomass cell wall for all the samples after pretreatment. Cultivation of M. indicus and R. oryzae on CWES in a 4-L airlift bioreactor resulted in consumption of almost all the sugars and production of 250 and 280 g fungal biomass per kg of consumed sugar, respectively. These biomasses correspondingly contained 40 and 51% protein and 9.8 and 4.4% oil. Furthermore, the cell walls of the fungi were rich in chitin and chitosan; 0.61 and 0.69 g/g cell wall for M. indicus and Rhizopus oryzae , respectively. Moreover, M. indicus grew as clump mycelia in the airlift bioreactor, while R. oryzae formed spherical suspended pellets during the course of cultivation, which is a promising feature towards industrialization of the process. A process for simultaneous pectin extraction and pretreatment of the lignocellulose citrus wastes with a factorial design for three variables temperature, pH, and extraction time was performed. The maximum pectin yield of 45.5% on extractive-free CW obtained at pH 1.8, time 2 h, and temperature 80 ?C. Glucose yields in enzymatic hydrolysis of pectin-free CW were also reported higher at pH 1.8. An optimization approach for pectin extraction and pretreatment aiming at maximizing sum of pectin extraction yield and glucose liberation during enzymatic hydrolysis was done. The optimum experiment was process variables of pH 1.8, time 2 h. Fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysates by the zygomycetes M. indicus yielded fungal biomass of at least 355 mg biomass per gram consumed sugar. Keywords Chitosan, Crystalinity index, Dimorphic, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Enzyme adsorption, Ethanol, Mucor indicus , Pectin, Pretreatment, Rhizopus oryza .