In the first project of this investigation, for the first time, organo-modification of Cloisite Na + was performed with positively charged of several two functionalized ?-amino acid molecules such as: L-alanine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-phenylalanine and L-methionine, as well as trifunctional amino acid like L-tyrosine, L-serine, L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic. The synthesized organo-nanoclays were characterized by different techniques and then were used as filler for preparation of polymeric bionanocomposites (BNCs). In the second part, a novel optically active poly(amide-imide) (PAI) was prepared via indirect polycondensation of N,N' -(pyromellitoyl)-bis-phenylalanine diacid chloride with 4,4?-diaminodiphenylsulfone. Then it was used for the synthesis of several polymer based BNCs with organoclay of isoleucine and tyrosine. The hybrids materials were characterized by different methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy )FT-IR(, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that the thermal stability of the BNCs is improved in compression with neat PAI. In the third part, the 2-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-benzimidazole was prepared from 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride and 1,2-phenylenediamine and then it was reduced to corresponding diamine by using palladium catalyst. Then chiral nanostructure PAIs were synthesized from the direct polymerization of aromatic diamine with pendant benzimidazole group and chiral diacids under microwave irradiation and conventional heating via fast, green and simple condition in the molten ionic liquid. The polymers were synthesized with high yields and inherent viscosities with safe operation, low pollution, rapid access to products and simple workup. Due to the existence of amino acids in the polymer backbones, they are optically active and the FE-SEM micrographs showed that the synthesized PAIs are nanostructure. In the forth part, a series of novel NC films of polyimide and organically modified montmorillonite with two and trifunctional swelling agent were successfully prepared by in situ polymerization. Poly(amic acid) (PAA) was synthesized from the reaction of 2-(3,5-diaminophenyl)-benzimidazole and pyromellitic dianhydride and then polyimide films were obtained by casting the PAA solution through thermal imidization up to 300 o C. Finally, PI/organoclay nanocomposite films were prepared by an in situ polymerization reaction and were characterized with miscellaneous techniques. In the fifth part, a series of polymer-clay BNC materials, consisting of organo-soluble PAI with isoleucine, phenylalanine and benzimidazole groups and chiral modified nanoclays of isoleucine and tyrosine amino acids were successfully prepared by solution dispersion technique. The presence of amino acids as a biodegradable segment in both organo-modified nanoclays and optically active PAIs, makes the obtained BNCs more susceptible for better biodegradation process. In the sixth part, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a synthetic biodegradable polymer was used as matrix for preparation of new BNCs. The BNC films of PVA and organoclay of isoleucine were prepared by solution intercalation technique using ultrasonic irradiation. The structures and properties of the hybrids materials were investigated by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, FE-SEM, TEM and TGA. UV-visible study is demonstrated that the visible region is not affected by the presence of organoclay and optical clarity of the PVA is retained.