The voltage rise problem in low voltage distribution networks (LVDN) with high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) resources is one of the most important challenges in the development of these renewable resources. First, the battery energy storage (BES) systems are used in order to solve the voltage rise during the peak PV generation as well as the voltage drop while meeting the peak load. A coordinated control strategy is proposed to regulate the charge/discharge of BESs using a combination of the local droop-based control method and a distributed control scheme which ensures the voltages of feeder remain within allowed limits. The weighted consensus algorithm determines the BESs participation in voltage regulation in terms of their installed capacity whereas the dynamic consensus algorithm modifies the BESs performance in terms of their state of charge (SoC) to prevent the excessive saturation or depletion of batteries. Then, a combined method using the battery energy management of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and the active power curtailment (APC) of PV arrays is proposed to regulate voltage in LVDNs with high penetration level of PV resources. A distributed control strategy composed of two consensus algorithms is used to reach an effective utilization of limited storage capacity of PEV battery considering its power/capacity and SoC. A consensus control algorithm is also developed to fairly share the required power curtailment among PVs during overvoltage periods. Third, the potential capability of residential PV inverters is investigated to develop a distributed reactive power compensation scheme for voltage regulation in three-phase four-wire unbalanced LVDNs. For this purpose, an effective method is proposed by means of single-phase PV inverters arbitrarily connected among different phases. The aims are improving voltage profile along the feeder and reducing the voltage unbalances. The PV inverters are connected in such a way that they form distributed delta and wye configurations to compensate the negative and zero sequence components of voltage, respectively and to regulate voltage within the allowed limits as well.
