Water and Nitrogen (N) are among the most serious limiting factors for crop productivity worldwide. Wheat genutypes developed in post green revolution era are characterized by high grain yields under well_fertilized soil conditions. Ancient wheats, on the other hand, are able to produce an acceptable grain and dry mass in poor soil conditions. Scientific data on emmer wheats response to N and water supplies is scarce. A field experiment was conducted on a group of emmer wheat landraces (Joneghan, Zarneh, singerd, Shahrekord, Khoyegan), a durum, and a bread wheat genotype. These wheat genotypes were subjected to 30 (N-limited) and 100 kg N ha -1 (N-sufficient) under dryland and dryland + terminal complementary irrigation conditions in Aligoodarz Lorestan, Iran. Water deprivation (due to the imposed drought stress in dryland condition) led to inverse modifications in chlorophyll and carotoncids concentration, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, relative water content , grains/spike, spikes/plant, 1000-grains weight, grain yield and plant above-ground dry mass of the examined wheats. However, emmer wheats tended to vary less in response to water supply at least in terms of a majority of the traits. Sufficient amount of N led to decreases in grains/spike, spikes/plant, 1000-grains weight, and grain yield of the emmer wheats, despite increases in these grain yield attributes and grain yield of the durum and bread wheats. Results were indicative of a smaller grain yield and harvest index in the emmer wheats, compared to the durum and bread wheats, across different N and water supplies. Emmer wheats were found sustained across different water availabilities and unresponsive to N levels that are beneficial to the durum and bread wheats. Therefore, it seems that the ancient emmer wheats posses some capabilities to produce an acceptable grain yield under N-poor and water-deprived conditions. Keywords: Water, Nitrogen, Drought Stress, Wheat, Emmer, Seed Yield, Physiological Traits, Functional Traits
