Fire and grazing are two important sources of disturbance in arid ecosystems. They play a key role in shaping structure and dynamics of vegetation in rangeland ecosystems. However, most of the available information is only about the impact of one of the two sources on rangeland ecosystems, and interactive effects of these two agents on rangeland ecosystems, particularly on the structure and composition of vegetation and soil seed bank, have been given less attention. This study assessed the interactive effects of fire and exclosure treatments on vegetation and soil seed bank in rangeland ecosystems of the Central Zagros region. Three rangeland sites with an area of ??400 square meters were selected and then half of each was fenced (height 1.3 m). In the first fall, half (about 100 square meters) of each of the fenced and grazed area was burnt, resulting in 4 different treatments applied at each site: burnt, burnt--grazed, burnt- fenced, and fenced. To study the soil seed bank, 12 soil samples (10 cm depth, 10 cm diameter) were collected systematically along two transects (a distance of 2 m from each other) in each of 4 treatments at each site (48 samples at each sites and 144 samples at three sites). In the first spring, vegetation was studied using twelve 0.25 square-meter (0.5× 0.5 m) plots in each treatment at each site (48 plots per site and a total of 144 vegetation plots at three sites). Vegetation and soil seed bank comparisons between applied treatments showed that fire treatment significantly reduced total density and species richness of soil seed bank as well as total cover and relative frequency of shrubs in the vegetation. However, applied treatments had no significant effect on the relative frequency of palatable and graminoid species and also Shannon diversity index in both soil seed bank and vegetation. Fire increased the relative frequency of forbs and small- seeded species in the vegetation, while grazing increased the relative frequency of forbs and small- seeded species, and reduced the relative frequency of graminiod species in the soil seed bank. However, based on the results of multivariate analysis, species composition of soil seed bank was not affected by applied treatments, while species composition of vegetation was different between burnt and unburnt treatments. Similarity between the species composition of soil seed bank and vegetation was relatively low but this similarity was higher (not significantly different) in burnt compared to unburnt treatments. Overall, the results show that short-term effect of fire on vegetation and soil seed bank is greater than grazing effect. But in any case, grazing management after fire can effectively prevent more damage to the ecosystem and lead to the establishment of appropriate vegetation. Keywords: Grazing ecosystem, Multivariate analysis, Vegetation and soil seed bank dynamics, Growth forms, Species composition and diversity.