Induction furnace is the most application of induction heating systems. An induction furnace is an electrical furnace in which the heat is applied by induction heating of a conductive medium (usually a metal ) in a crucible placed in a water-cooled alternating current solenoid coil . The advantage of the induction furnace is a clean, energy-efficient and well-controllable melting process compared to most other means of metal melting. Most modern foundries use this type of furnace and now also more iron foundries are replacing cupolas with induction furnaces to melt cast iron , as the former emit lots of dust and other pollutants . Induction furnace capacities range from less than one kilogram to one hundred tones capacity, and are used to melt iron and steel , copper , aluminum , and precious metals . The one major drawback to induction furnace usage in a foundry is the lack of refining capacity; charge materials must be clean of oxidation products and of a known composition, and some alloying elements may be lost due to oxidation. Operating frequencies range from utility frequency (50 or 60 Hz ) to 400 kHz or higher, usually depending on the material being melted, the capacity (volume) of the furnace and the melting speed required. Generally the smaller the volume of the melts the higher the frequency of the furnace used; this is due to the skin depth which is a measure of the distance an alternating current can penetrate beneath the surface of a conductor . For
